This is an example of observer bias because it turns out that the expectations of the students influenced how well the different groups of rats performed. The results of the study showed that the students who thought they were handling “bright” rats behaved in certain ways to make sure that the rats had a better chance of completing the maze while the students who thought they were handling “dull” rats behaved in ways that reduced the rats chances of completing the mazes. The rats were categorized as being “bright” or “dull” in their ability to complete mazes, even though in reality they were all the same type of standard lab rat. ![]() In 1963, psychologist Robert Rosenthal had two groups of students test rats. This is an example of observer bias because the expectations of the owner caused Clever Hans to act in a certain way, which resulted in faulty data. But when the owner himself didn’t know the answer to the questions he was asking, Hans was unable to produce the correct answer because the owner didn’t make any subtle cues on when to stop tapping. Without realizing it, the owner was giving subtle cues to Hans about the correct number of taps to make. It turns out that when Clever Hans would approach the correct number of taps to make, the owner Wilhelm Von Olson would start to react in a certain way which signaled that Hans should stop tapping. Clever Hans in 1904Īmazed by this, psychologist Oskar Pfungst investigated this situation and found that Clever Hans could only provide the correct answer when the owner actually knew the correct answer to the question. The owner, Wilhelm Von Olson, would ask Clever Hans different questions that involved adding, subtracting, multiplying, and other arithmetic operations and Clever Hans would provide an answer by tapping his hoof a certain number of times. In the early 1900’s there was a horse named Clever Hans that was claimed to have the ability to do arithmetic extremely well. In this article we share two famous examples of observer bias along with a strategy that can be used to minimize this type of bias in practice. This causes the results of a study to be unreliable and hard to reproduce in other research settings. Nursing Social and Clinical Pharmacy Identifiers URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-459857 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.07.011 ISI: 000711375900015 PubMedID: 34312101 OAI: oai:DiVA.Observer bias occurs in research when the beliefs or expectations of an observer (or investigator) can influence the data that’s collected in a study. 2136-2144įocus groups, Observer effect, Hospital, Pharmacists National Category Place, publisher, year, edition, pagesElsevier BV, 2021. This can be done by interviews with the observed and the observers by someone not connected to the observation study. It is important for researchers to monitor and record the observer effect in the specific setting of the study. Medication communication in hospital settings is a complex behavior, and appears to not be strongly impacted by the presence of observers, especially with a long observation time. Even though minimal interaction was used as a strategy, observers and the observed still built rapport.Ĭonclusions: The observer effect in relation to medication communication seemed to be small and temporary in this specific hospital setting, among other things as staff and patients were used to extra persons (e.g. ![]() Respondents reported some observer effects, but also that these diminished with time. Results: Five main themes were identified Experiencing being observed Temporarily adapting medication communication behavior Consequences for the patients To interact or not - reflections on the relations and Observing the observers. Data were collected between September 2019 and January 2020 and analyzed by an inductive, thematic analysis approach. In all 26 persons were interviewed, whereof 3 were observers (pharmacist, pharmacy students). Method: Four focus group interviews (health care professionals and observers) and 10 individual interviews (patients) were conducted with participants from a Norwegian observation study focusing on medication communication at a hospital ward. Objectives: To capture different dimensions of the observer effect through health care professionals' and patients' experiences, and their reactions to being observed in a hospital setting, and in addition, observers' experiences from performing an observation study. A methodological challenge in observation studies is the observer effect, as it can jeopardize the quality of a study. to explore behaviors of patients or health care professionals in hospitals. 2136-2144 Article in journal (Refereed) Published Abstract īackground: Observation studies are used in health care research, e.g. Show others and affiliations 2021 (English) In: Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, ISSN 1551-7411, E-ISSN 1934-8150, Vol.
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